Thermal sweating cylinder Torso
Device description and purpose
The heated sweating cylinder 'Torso' is designed to measure environmental heat exchange through fabric assemblies under various conditions, including hot, cold, or windy indoor and outdoor environments. Its upright cylindrical form, combined with dedicated air gap spacers, enables realistic simulation of fabric and air layer arrangements as found in clothing on the human body - using only fabric swatches.
Torso can be used to:
- Determine the thermal and evaporative properties of single- and multi-layer fabric assemblies in accordance with relevant standards;
- Compare samples with previous prototypes, competing products, or required performance criteria specified in standards;
- Simulate customized real-life scenarios to assess fabric assembly performance under actual conditions of use.
For further information please also see our Spec sheet Torso (PDF).
Related standards
- ISO 18640-1:2008 Protective clothing for firefighters - Physiological impact - Part 1: Measurement of coupled heat and mass transfer with the sweating TORSO
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ISO 18640-2:2018 Protective clothing for firefighters - Physiological impact - Part 2: Determination of physiological heat load caused by protective clothing worn by firefighters
Scientific publications
Gholamreza F, Su Y, Li R, Nadaraja AV, Gathercole R, Li R, et al. Modeling and prediction of thermophysiological comfort properties of a
single layer fabric system using single sector sweating torso. Materials. 2022;15(16):5786 (16 pp.). DOI
Guan M, Annaheim S, Li J, Camenzind M, Psikuta A, Rossi RM. Apparent evaporative cooling efficiency in clothing with continuous perspiration: a sweating manikin study. Int. J. Therm. Sci. 2019;137:446-455. DOI
Guan, M., Psikuta, A., Camenzind, M., Li, J., Mandal, S., Rossi, R. M., & Annaheim, S. (2019). Effect of perspired moisture and material properties on evaporative cooling and thermal protection of the clothed human body exposed to radiant heat. Textile Research Journal, 89(18), 3663-3676. DOI
Guan M, Annaheim S, Camenzind M, Li J, Mandal S, Psikuta A, et al. Moisture transfer of the clothing-human body system during continuous sweating under radiant heat. Text. Res. J. 2019;89(21-22):4537-4553. DOI
Further publications
Koelblen B, Psikuta A, Bogdan A, Annaheim S, Rossi RM. Comparison of fabric skins for the simulation of sweating on thermal manikins. Int. J. Biometeorol. 2017;61(9):1519-1529. DOI
Psikuta A, Annaheim S, Rossi RM. Thermo-physiological simulation. In: Nayak R, Padhye R, editors. Manikins for textile evaluation. Elsevier; 2017. p. 331-349. (The textile institute book series). DOI
Psikuta A, Koelblen B, Mert E, Fontana P, Annaheim S. An integrated approach to develop, validate and operate thermo-physiological human simulator for the development of protective clothing. Ind. Health. 2017;55(6):500-512. DOI
Psikuta A, Allegrini J, Koelblen B, Bogdan A, Annaheim S, Martínez N, et al. Thermal manikins controlled by human thermoregulation models for energy efficiency and thermal comfort research – a review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2017;78:1315-1330. DOI
Atasağun HG, Okur A, Psikuta A, Rossi RM, Annaheim S. Determination of the effect of fabric properties on the coupled heat and moisture transport of underwear–shirt fabric combinations. Text. Res. J. 2018;88(11):1319-1331. DOI
Fontana P, Saiani F, Grütter M, Croset J-P, Capt A, Camenzind M, et al. Thermo-physiological impact of different firefighting protective clothing ensembles in a hot environment. Text. Res. J. 2018;88(7):744-753. DOI
Fontana P, Saiani F, Grütter M, Croset J-P, Capt A, Camenzind M, et al. Exercise intensity dependent relevance of protective textile properties for human thermo-physiology. Text. Res. J. 2017;87(12):1425-1434. DOI
Annaheim, S., Wang, L.-c., Psikuta, A., Morrissey, M.P., Camenzind, M.A. and Rossi, R.M. (2015), "A new method to assess the influence of textiles properties on human thermophysiology. Part I: Thermal resistance", International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology, Vol. 27 No. 2, pp. 272-282. DOI
Wang, F., Annaheim, S., Morrissey, M. and Rossi, R.M. (2014), Evaporative cooling efficiency of one-layer sportswear. Scand J Med Sci Sports, 24: e129-e139. DOI
Psikuta A, Wang L-C, Rossi RM. Prediction of the physiological response of humans wearing protective clothing using a thermophysiological human simulator. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 2013;10(4):222-232. DOI
Rossi RM, Psikuta A. Assessment of the coupled heat and mass transfer through protective garments using manikins and other advanced measurement devices. In: Kiekens P, Jayaraman S, editors. Intelligent textiles and clothing for ballistic and NBC protection: technology at the cutting edge: [Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Defence-related Intelligent Textiles and Clothing for Ballistig and NBC Protection, Split, Croatia, 6-16 April 2010]. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer; 2012. p. 83-98. DOI
Bogerd N, Psikuta A, Daanen HAM, Rossi RM. How to measure thermal effects of personal cooling systems: human, thermal manikin and human simulator study. Physiol. Meas. 2010;31(9):1161-1168. DOI
Weder, M., Rossi, R.M., Chaigneau, C. and Tillmann, B. (2008), "Evaporative cooling and heat transfer in functional underwear", International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology, Vol. 20 No. 2, pp. 68-78. DOI
Keiser C, Becker C, Rossi RM. Moisture Transport and Absorption in Multilayer Protective Clothing Fabrics. Textile Research Journal. 2008;78(7):604-613. DOI
Psikuta, A., Richards, M., & Fiala, D. (2008). Single-sector thermophysiological human simulator. Physiological Measurement, 29(2), 181-192. DOI