Bacteria–material interactions are governed by a complex interplay of physical, chemical, and biological factors at the micro- and nanoscale. Mechanistically, bacterial adhesion to surfaces is influenced by surface properties such as roughness, charge, hydrophobicity, and stiffness, which affect the initial contact and attachment strength. Once adhered, bacteria can sense the local environment and activate signaling pathways that promote biofilm formation, often altering their phenotype in response to material cues. Surface topography and chemistry can either inhibit or enhance these processes by modulating shear forces, energy barriers, or nutrient accessibility. Gaining a deeper understanding of these underlying mechanisms is essential for designing materials that prevent colonization or actively disrupt biofilm formation, an area of particular interest in our research.