Bacterial infections occur when harmful bacteria invade and multiply within the body, potentially leading to localized or systemic illness. A major challenge in treating these infections is the rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), where bacteria evolve to withstand antibiotics, rendering standard treatments ineffective. Many resistant infections are further complicated by the for-mation of biofilms, structured bacterial communities that adhere to surfaces or form aggregates and are highly tolerant to antibiotics and immune responses. Together, AMR and biofilm for-mation contribute to persistent, hard-to-treat infections, especially in medical devices and chron-ic wounds.