Empa technology in space
Mercury bound
Another European Space Agency (ESA) satellite was launched last October: BepiColombo who is heading for Mercury – with Empa technology on board. Empa coated and soldered individual components meticulously for time-of-flight mass spectrometer sensors. While BepiColombo is now on its long journey, Empa expertise will also be embarking on future ESA missions.
The destination: Mercury, the innermost planet of our solar system. The space probe BepiColombo, which was named after Giuseppe (Bepi) Colombo, lifted off in October 2018 and embarked on the long voyage to the nearest planet to the sun with a view to mapping it and determining the geological and chemical composition of its surface. One of the instruments on board is a time-of-flight mass spectrometer, individual components of which were developed at Empa.
Hans-Rudolf Elsener from Empa's Joining Technology and Corrosion lab co-developed and built a heatable metal ceramic structure in a complex process. The coated silicon wafers mounted on it convert neutral particles into charged ones. Thanks to the Empa heaters, this conversion is far more efficient than without them as deposits of organic substances combined with cosmic radiation would irreversibly damage the coated little plates. The regular heating ensures that the instrument’s measurement sensitivity will not be compromised.
Lack of space in Space
As space probes need to be lightweight and the space on them is limited, weight is cut wherever possible, even on the tiniest of components. Take the heated structure for the European and Japanese space mission to Mercury, for instance. Screws and wiring are problematic and waste space. Therefore, the components need to be soldered, which causes additional difficulties. Elsener joined the heater structure made of titanium and aluminum oxide ceramics with gold germanium in a vacuum furnace. In doing so, he had to be careful not to damage the various heater components during the soldering process.
Ceramics are extremely heat-sensitive, and soldering materials with different thermal properties causes high mechanical tensions that can damage or even destroy components. Therefore, Elsener begins by coating all the components in the metal ceramic structure so that he can solder at far lower temperatures thanks to the coating. The components thus survive the soldering process unscathed. This calls for a complex interplay between material knowhow and manual dexterity.
Successful, long-standing collaboration
BepiColombo
The four-part space probe BepiColombo set off for Mercury on 20 October 2018 and is expected to provide a comprehensive description of the planet with clues to its history. BepiColombo was developed in a joint venture between ESA and the Japanese space agency JAXA. Until it arrives on Mercury, the probe will conduct a swing-by maneuver past Earth (2020) and two swing-by maneuvers past Venus (2020/2021), followed by six swing-by maneuvers past Mercury itself before BepiColombo can enter the planet’s orbit in 2026. The mission is scheduled to end in 2027.
CHEOPS
CHEOPS should be ready for lift-off in early 2019 and help in the search for potentially habitable planets in other solar systems. The satellite measures the brightness of stars, which decreases slightly when an exoplanet passes its parent star. The size of the exoplanet can be determined from the decrease in brightness during one such transit. Institutes from 11 European countries participate in the CHEOPS mission. The satellite itself was constructed at the University of Bern. Hans-Rudolf Elsener produced the five heaters used on CHEOPS in his lab at Empa.
JUICE
The launch of the Jupiter mission JUICE is scheduled for June 2022. The space probe’s objective is to research the Galilean moons of the planet Jupiter and will lift off from Centre Spatial Guyanais with an Ariane 5 rocket. Empa heaters will support the Particle Environment Package (PEP), which is a particle spectrometer to measure neutral and charged particles. En route to Jupiter, JUICE will conduct swing-by maneuvers past Earth, Venus and Mars before eventually reaching its destination in seven and a half years. Once there, JUICE will then spend three and a half years collecting data.
Dr. Hans Rudolf Elsener
Joining Technologies and Corrosion
Phone +41 58 765 42 27
hansrudolf.elsener@empa.ch